21. A
movie DVD holds 120 minutes' movie and takes 5 GB (G is specified as 109
in this case). What is the bandwidth to play this movie DVD?
Solution
5 x 109 x 8 / (120 x 60) = 5.556
Mbps (1 GB = 109 B)
or
5 x 230 x 8 / (120 x 60) = 5.965
Mbps (1 GB = 230 B)
22. It
is desired to send a sequence of computer screen images over an optical fiber.
The screen is 480 x 640 pixels, each pixel being 24 bits. There are 60 screen
images per second. How much bandwidth is needed, and how many microns of
wavelength are needed for this band at 1.30 microns?
Solution
The data rate Δf is 480 x 640 x 24 x 60 bps,
which is 442 Mbps. For simplicity, let us assume 1 bps/Hz.
Δf = c Δλ/λ2
Δλ = λ2 Δf/c
where Δf is the bandwidth range, c is the
light speed, Δλ is the wavelength range, and lambda is a certain wavelength.
We have Δf = 4.42 x 108, so
Δλ = 2.5 x 10-6 microns.
The range of wavelengths used is very short.
or If we assume 8 bps/Hz, Δλ = 0.17 x 10-6
microns.
23. An
ADSL system using DMT allocates 3/4 of the available data channels to the
downstream link. It uses QAM-64 modulation on each channel. What is the
capacity of the downstream link?
Solution
There are 256 channels in all, minus 6 for
POTS and 2 for control, leaving 248 for data. If 3/4 of these are for
downstream, that gives 186 channels for downstream. ADSL modulation is at 4000
baud, so with QAM-64 (6 bits/baud) we have 24,000 bps in each of the 186
channels.
The total bandwidth is then 4.464 Mbps
downstream.
Note:
Discrete multitone (DMT)
is a method of separating a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) signal so that the
usable frequency range is separated into 256 frequency bands (or channels) of
4.3125 KHz each. DMT uses the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm for
modulation and demodulation. Dividing the frequency spectrum into multiple
channels allows DMT to work better when AM radio transmitters are present.
Within each channel, modulation uses quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation)
is a method of combining two amplitude-modulated (AM) signals into a single
channel, thereby doubling the effective bandwidth. QAM is used with pulse
amplitude modulation (PAM) in digital systems, especially in wireless
applications.
POTS, Short for plain
old telephone service, which refers to the standard telephone service that
most homes use. In contrast, telephone services based on high-speed, digital
communications lines, such as ISDN and FDDI, are not POTS. The main
distinctions between POTS and non-POTS services are speed and bandwidth.
24. In
a typical mobile phone system with hexagonal cells, it is forbidden to reuse a
frequency band in an adjacent cell. If 840 frequencies are available, how many
can be used in a given cell?
Solution
Each cell has six other adjacent cells, in a
hexagonal grid. If the central cell uses frequency group A, its six adjacent
cells can use B, C, B, C, B, and C respectively. In other words, only 3 unique
cells are needed. So the answer is 840/3 = 280 frequencies.
25. If
the bit string 0111110111110111110 is subjected to bit stuffing, what output
string will be transmitted?
Solution
The output is 0111110011111001111100.
Note:
In data transmission and telecommunication,
bit stuffing is the insertion of non information bits into data. Stuffed bits
should not be confused with overhead bits (nondata bits).
- Call a flag six consecutive 1s
- On transmit, after five 1s in the data,
insert a 0
- On receive, a 0 after five 1s is deleted
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